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〕〔Merijn Oudenampsen (2013). "(Explaining the Swing to the Right: The Dutch Debate on the Rise of Right-Wing Populism )". In Ruth Wodak, Majid KhosraviNik, Brigitte Mral. ''Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse''. A&C Black. p. 191.〕 Anti-Islam〔Wayne C. Thompson (2014). ''(Western Europe 2014 )''. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 185.〕〔Joop W. Koopmans, Arend H. Huussen Jr. (2007). ''(Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands )''. Scarecrow Press. p. 173.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Geert Wilders' anti-Islam party makes major gains | Radio Netherlands Worldwide )〕}} Anti-immigration〔〔 Euroscepticism〔 | position = | international = International Freedom Alliance | european = European Alliance for Freedom | europarl = Europe of Nations and Freedom | colours = Blue, white, red (Dutch Tricolour) | seats1_title = House of Representatives | seats1 = | seats2_title = Senate | seats2 = | seats3_title = States-Provincial | seats3 = | seats4_title = European Parliament | seats4 = | website = | country = Netherlands }} The Party for Freedom ((オランダ語:Partij voor de Vrijheid), PVV) is a right-wing populist political party in the Netherlands. Founded in 2005 as the successor to Geert Wilders' one-man party in the House of Representatives, it won nine seats in the 2006 general election, making it the fifth largest party in parliament. In the 2010 general election it won 24 seats, making it the third largest party. Since then, the PVV has agreed to support the minority government led by Prime Minister Mark Rutte, without having ministers in the cabinet. However the PVV withdrew its support in April 2012 due to differences over budget cuts.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.euronews.com/newswires/1490908-dutch-elections-loom-as-budget-talks-collapse/ )〕 It came third in the 2014 European Parliament election, winning 4 out of 26 seats.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Meeste stemmen D66, CDA grootst )〕 With program items like administrative detention and strong assimilationist stance on the integration of immigrants into Dutch society, the Party for Freedom breaks from the established centre-right parties in the Netherlands (like the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, VVD). In addition, the party is consistently Eurosceptic〔Magone, p. 17〕 and since early July 2012, according to its then presented program for the elections a few months later on September 12, even strongly advocating withdrawal from the EU. PVV is the name under which the foundation ''Stichting Groep Wilders'' operates. It has Geert Wilders as its sole member,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=27 April 2009 )〕 making the party unique in the Dutch parliament. ==History== The party's history starts with Geert Wilders' departure from the VVD in September 2004. Wilders could not accept the VVD's positive stance towards Turkey's possible accession to the European Union, and left the party disgruntled. Although the VVD expected Wilders to return his parliamentary seat to the party, he refused, and continued to sit in parliament as a one-man party, ''Groep Wilders'' (Wilders Group). In June 2005, Wilders was one of the leaders in the campaign against the European Constitution, which was rejected by Dutch voters by 62%. Bart Jan Spruyt, director of the conservative Edmund Burke Foundation, joined the party in January 2006, in order to formulate a party programme and to train its prospective representatives for the forthcoming national election (then still scheduled for 2007). Spruyt left the party in the summer of 2006, after it proved unable to build broad conservative backing, and people like Joost Eerdmans and Marco Pastors proved unwilling to join.〔 〕 After the 2006 elections, Spruyt said he was not surprised that the Party for Freedom had gained seats but maintained that, if the Party for Freedom had sought cooperation with Eerdmans and Pastors, it would have won more, even enough to bring about a CDA-VVD majority government. Later, Spruyt commented that the PVV had a 'natural tendency' toward fascism. He later qualified the statement, though he didn't withdraw it. Former PVV candidate Lucas Hartong called Spruyt's claims 'a cheap insinuation'. In an HP/De Tijd profile dated December 2006, the party was described as a cult, with an extremely distrustful Wilders only accepting fellow candidates completely loyal to him, and compared the PVV to the Socialist Party led by Jan Marijnissen but without reaching that degree of organisational perfection. On 10 January 2007, the PVV announced it would not field candidates at the forthcoming Provincial elections. This meant it would be unrepresented in the Senate. On 13 January 2007, NRC Handelsblad reported that a PVV intern had solicited for signatures on the website forums ''Dutch Disease Report'' and ''Polinco'', the latter a forum described as far right by various organisations, among them the Dutch Complaints Bureau for Discrimination on the Internet. Any party participating in this election was required to collect at least 30 signatures from supporters in each of the 19 electoral districts; of the 1500 signatures the PVV received, the Dutch Antifascist group identified 34 known far-right supporters. In a response, Wilders said he regretted that far-right sympathisers had provided signatures, denied any personal responsibility for them and reasserted his dislike of far-right parties like National Front of France and Flemish Interest. Noted writer and columnist Leon de Winter later declared the affair to be the result of a campaign of demonisation against Geert Wilders led by NRC Handelsblad and Volkskrant newspapers, as well as the broadcaster VARA. Former trade union leader and prominent Christian Democrat Doekle Terpstra proposed an initiative against Geert Wilders and the PVV on 30 November 2007, in newspaper ''Trouw''. Terpstra sees Wilders as promoting intolerance, and discrimination against Muslims. He is supported in his cause by the large Dutch trade unions and refugee organisations. Politicians and the public are divided on Terpstra's initiative. The newspaper ''De Pers'' reported the next day that much of Terpstra's support did not actualize. Polling by Maurice de Hond published in March 2009 indicated that the PVV was the most popular parliamentary party. The polls predicted that the party would take 21 per cent of the national vote, giving it 32 out of 150 seats in the Dutch parliament. If the polling results were to be replicated at a genuine election, Wilders would be a major power broker and could become Prime Minister.〔 〕 However, De Hond's results were not uncontroversial, as they were based on a panel of people who have signed up for the election poll on the Internet and thus were not a random sample. According to Joop van Holsteyn, professor of election research, therefore, De Hond's polls were not representative of the population.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=De peiling van Maurice de Hond deugt niet; De waarde van een peiling staat of valt met een representatieve steekproef )〕 Other Dutch polls (Politieke Barometer and TNS NIPO) have shown contrasting results, with the PVV often getting less support, though still remaining very popular. On 15 May 2009, the PVV asked Balkenende to support the foundation of a Greater Netherlands actively.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Partij Voor de Vrijheid )〕 By February 2010, the PVV had once more become the most popular party, according to a poll by Maurice de Hond which said it would win 27–32 parliameary seats in the next election, up two from the previous poll in early January.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Dutch Party for Freedom Recovers Top Rank )〕 In the parliamentary elections of 9 June 2010, the PVV went from 9 to 24 seats (of 150), winning over 15% of the votes, making the PVV the third largest party in parliament. By July 2010 the PVV again became the biggest party in the polls after the parliamentary elections, following difficulties in forming a new coalition and the PVV technically being excluded from the coalition talks because the CDA showed reluctance to cooperate with the PVV. According to the polls, the PVV would get 35 seats in a new election, which is a record high number. In August 2010, during the difficult cabinet formation following the elections, the PVV emerged as a prominent player in a proposal for a new minority government in the Netherlands. While the party would not gain a ministerial appointment, the PVV would tolerate a centre-right minority government coalition: a proposed deal that would make the party one of the most influential forces. Led by Ivo Opstelten, a former mayor of Rotterdam who was appointed mediator for the next stage of negotiations, the forming of a government of VVD and Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) with support of the PVV was negotiated; the resulting coalition agreement "included elements it pushed for, such as a burqa ban," though the ban was never put in place. The VVD and CDA would have to rely on the PVV to get important legislation through. With this deal the Netherlands would follow the "Danish model", since in Denmark the anti-immigration Danish People’s Party also stayed out of government but supported a minority center-right Liberal-Conservative government. The very fact of the participation of the PVV in these coalition negotiations has caused fierce discussions in political circles and was considered very unlikely until recently. After the elections, CDA parliamentary fraction president Maxime Verhagen first had stated that as a matter of principle he refused to negotiate with VVD and PVV about a centre-right government, saying that the PVV represented views that could not be reconciled with Dutch law. These objections on principle disappeared in five weeks and Verhagen turned out to be willing to negotiate over a cabinet whose fate would (also) lie in the hands of Wilders. On 20 March 2012, Hero Brinkman quit the party, citing a lack of democratic structure within the PVV among other things; qualifying this with a statement of continued support for the minority Rutte cabinet.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2012/03/hero_brinkman_quits_the_pvv_op.php )〕 Two days later, three PVV members representing North Holland in the House followed his example. In July 2012, Marcial Hernandez and Wim Kortenoeven quit the PVV, both citing what they considered to be Wilders' autocratic leadership of the party. In the parliamentary elections of 12 September 2012, the PVV went from 24 to 15 seats (of 150), winning 10% of the vote. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Party for Freedom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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